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院系:俄文/简介

< School:俄文

字母

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俄文共有33个字母(十个母音、二十三个子音)，其中两个字母（Ь和Ъ）用于改变前一个辅音的发音。

А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё
[a] 像是英文的car [be] 像是英文的back [ve] 像是英文的van [ge] 像是英文的game [de] 像是英文的den [ie] 像是英文的yell [io] 像是英文的york
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м
[zhe] 像是英文的meas'ure [ze] 像是英文的roze [i] 像是英文的eel [ji], [short i] 像是英文的bonsai [ka] 像是英文的cat [el'] 像是英文的lemon, but as soft as in Spanish el [em] 像是英文的mammal
Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у
[en] 像是英文的note [o] 像是英文的bore [pe] 像是英文的pet [er] 像是英文的break [es] 像是英文的some [te] 像是英文的tail [u] 像是英文的tune
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ ъ
[ef] 像是英文的fall [ha] 像是英文的home,但更重，或是向苏格兰语的loch [ce] 像是英文的tsetse [che] 像是英文的cherry [sha] 像是英文的shell [s'ha] 像是英文的shield,应该要比Ш/sh轻 [tvyor-diy znakj ]
[hard mark] [1].
ы ь Э э Ю ю Я я
[y, back i] i 像是英文的sick, [2] [myàkh-keey znak][soft mark] [3] [e] 像是英文的fell [ju] 像是英文的you [ja] 像是英文的yard

33个俄文字母发音

恭喜你学完字母表了，下一步第一课。

语音学

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俄语语音对外语使用者来说最大的问题是颚音化。俄语中几乎所有的辅音都有两种发音方式：非腭化（称为"硬"）和腭化（称为"软"）。辅音的品质主要取决于下面的母音，并反映在书写上。如果下面的字母是И、Е、Ю、Я或Ё，那么这个辅音就是软腭化的，也就是说在发音的时候要把舌头的中间部分抬高。如果下面的辅音字母是А, О, У, Ы, Э，那么这个辅音就是硬腭化，非腭化。最后一个辅音的腭化以及有时另一个辅音前的辅音的腭化都用字母Ь标记。有些辅音总是硬的（Ж，Ш，Ц），有些总是软的（Щ，Ч），不管后面的字母是什么。例如：мышь(滑鼠)中的最后一个音与шàпка(帽子)中的第一个相同，而且该音是硬的。

定冠词

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和中文一样，俄文并不使用定冠词（英文就有：a/an/the）。

名词

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与许多其他语言(如英文)一样，俄语的名词也有几种 "形式"。这些情况反映了名词的使用环境，有助于他人理解。这些情况是：名词性、属名词性、介词性、名词性。此外，名词也有固有的性别和腭化（或硬或软）。

Verb Tenses or Cases

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Nominative Case

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The Nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence. For example, "The cat is here!" = "Кошка тут!" Note: Russian lacks the present tense of the verb "to be." If you wish to declare something, you would say "Это кошка!" or "This is a cat!"

Masculine ♂️ Feminine ♀️ Neuter
Книга Окно
Кот Кошка Окно
Телефон Вода Солнце
Океан Япония Озеро


As you can see in the chart to the right, Masculine Nominative nouns tend to end in consonants, while Feminine Nominative nouns end in "a" or "я," and Neuter Nominative nouns end in "е" or "о."

Another use for the Nominative case is labeling. For example, if you wished to say that you are a student, you would simply say "Я студент/студентка" (male or female, respectively). Again, there is no Russian for the present tense of "to be" so "is" is dropped. This works the same for adjectives, as you can label something with the Nominative case: "Студент - умный," or "the student is smart."


更多代名词的例子:

  • Джон учит русский язык. = 约翰正在学习俄语。
    • John is the nominative because he is performing the action.
  • Кошка пьет молоко. = The (female) cat drinks milk.
    • The cat is the nominative because it is performing the action.
  • Апельсин - фрукт = Orange is a fruit.
    • Nominative case is roughly the equivalent of the 'to be' structure in English.
  • Она - учитель = She is a teacher. (NB:Russians are very particular about usage of teacher and professor).
    • Russians use a dash to indicate the verb 'to be'.
  • Стул отремонтирован. = The (♂️)chair is repaired.
    • The chair is the nominative because it was acted upon. In this instance the acting agent is unknown. This is the passive voice in English.

Accusative Case

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The Accusative case is used with direct objects and certain prepositions. For example, "I love you" = "Я люблю тебя," where "тебя" is the accusative form of "you." Furthermore there exists a distinction between "animate" and "inanimate" nouns. Animate nouns include people and animals. Inanimate nouns include mostly everything else. Masculine inanimate nouns do not change from the Nominative case. Masculine animate nouns take on the GENITIVE case when used as a direct object or with a preposition. Feminine and neuter nouns do not make this distinction (for now). To illustrate this:


Accusative Endings
Masculine (animate) Masculine (inanimate) Feminine Neuter
а/я -- у/ю --

The prepositions that use the Accusative case are в, на. Using these prepositions with the accusative case of the noun mean "direction towards a place." This is opposed to using в, на with the prepositional case, which means location. That is for later, however.

Genitive Case

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Prepositional Case

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Dative Case

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Instrumental Case

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数字

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在俄语中，20以上的数字与英语相似，将20（"двадцать"）放在前面，然后后面加上个位数（"один"）。例如：21 = двадцать один, 55 = пятьдесят пять, 126 = сто двадцать шесть.

数字 俄文 音标 数字 俄文 音标 数字 俄文 音标
0 ноль [nol'] 10 десять [d'esyit'] 20 двадцать [dvatsat']
1 один [odin] 11 одиннадцать [odinnatsat'] 30 тридцать [tritsat']
2 два [dva] 12 двенадцать [dv'enatsat'] 40 сорок [sorok]
3 три [tri] 13 тринадцать [trinatsat'] 50 пятьдесят [pyat'desyat]
4 четыре [chetyre] 14 четырнадцать [chetirnatsat'] 60 шестьдесят [shest'desyat]
5 пять [pyat'] 15 пятнадцать [pyatnatsat'] 70 семьдесят [sem'desyat]
6 шесть [shest'] 16 шестнадцать [shestnatsat'] 80 восемьдесят [vosem'desyat]
7 семь [sem'] 17 семнадцать [semnatsat'] 90 девяносто [devyanosto]
8 восемь [vosem'] 18 восемнадцать [vosemnatsat'] 100 сто [sto]
9 девять [d'evyit'] 19 девятнадцать [devyatnatsat'] 1,000 тысяча [tis'acha]

请注意，这些数字是基数，与序数不同，即 "第一 "（1th）或 "第二"（2th）。在俄语中，基数被视为形容词，其形式略有不同。

如何用俄文说1到10

数字用法

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当使用俄语数字来量化一个数量时，例如四条狗，名词的大小写取决于前面的数字。如果你有一个对象，你保留名词单数的情况。如果你有两到四个对象，你就用属名词单数格。如果你有五个或更多，那么你使用属名复数格。对于零，你使用属名复数的情况。这不能与 "Нет"一词混淆，后者的意思是 "没有 "或 "没有这样的东西存在"，其中的大小写通常是属名单数。

1 2-4 5-0
Nom Sing Gen Sing Gen Pl

在第2课中进一步练习和如何说和询问时间。

人称代词

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在俄文中有几组不同的代词，代词的功能与它所代替的名词相同。第一组是人称代词。

人称代词（主格）

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俄文 发音 中文
я [ya] 我
ты [ti] 你
он [on] 他
она [ona] 她
оно [ono] 它
мы [mi] 我们
вы [vi] 你（你）们
они [oni] 它们

指称性代词（受格）

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俄文 发音 中文
меня [menya] 我
тебя [tebya] 你
его [yevo] 他
её [yeyo] 她
его [yevo] 它
нас [nas] 我们
вас [vas] 你（你）们
их [ich] 它们

你可能注意到以上两个表格的中文都是一样的，因为中文无此分别。

形容词

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Adjectives in Russian are declined based on the case, gender and plurality of the noun that they modify. In Russian, genders are broken down into: Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. There are six cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, and Prepositional. For plurality, there is singular and plural. This can get very complicated, however.


Adjectival Endings (Inanimate, Hard)
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative ый/ой ая ое ые
Accusative ый/ой ую ое ые
Genitive ого ой ого ых
Prepositional ом ой ом ых
Dative ому ой ому ым
Instrumental ым ой ым ыми

动词

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俄语的动词和英文一样有3个基本时态：现在式、过去式和未来式。

现在式

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动词固定型

我们以俄语动词的不定式 "работать "为例。撇开 "ть"，在上下面的附加词。

  • Икскс работать - 某某某在工作。
  • Я работаю - 我在工作。
  • Ты работаешь - 他在工作。
  • Он, Она, Оно работает - 他，她，它在工作。
  • Мы работаем - 我们在工作。
  • Вы работаете - 你（你）们在工作。
  • Они работают - 他（她）们在工作。

动词不固定型

一些以 "ить "结尾的动词需要有一些区别。比如说：

д变成ж，з变成ж，c变成ш，ct变成щ，т变成ч，而对于б、в、м、п、ф、л则添加字母л。 记住，这只适用于第一人称单数（Я）。

  • говорить = 说话
  • Я говорю = 我说话
  • Ты говоришь = 你说话。
  • Он, Она, Оно говорит = 他，她，它说话。
  • Мы говорим = 我们说话。
  • Вы говорите = 你（你）们说话。
  • Они говорят = 他（她）们说话。

Saying "What" in Russian

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Что is used as an interrogative pronoun. Likewise, if you see an object you have never seen before, and have no idea what it is, then you ask the question of "что это?" which means "What's this?" or "What's that?"

  • Что ты делаешь? =What are you doing?
  • Что мы хотим есть? =What do we want to eat?
  • Что мне купить в магазине? =What should I buy at the store?

Что такое is used when the object has been named or introduced, but you want more information on it. For instance: Что это? Это машина! Что такое машина? translates to: What's this? It's a machine! What's a machine?

  • Что такое компьютер? (What is a computer?)
  • Что такое водка? (What is vodka? [although this phrase is rarely spoken in Russian])
  • Что такое Южная Осетия? (What is South Ossetia?)

If you wish to ask what type or variant something is, 像是英文的the sentence: "What type of computer is this?" then you use the adjective какой which declines depending upon its case. Note, it is an irregular adjective.

  • Какая эта водка? =What kind of vodka is this?
  • Какой это компьютер? =What kind of computer?
  • Какое это слово? =What kind of word is that?

If you ask what a living creature, like a pet or a family member, is, you use the word кто (who), and apply it to the question: Кто это?

Saying "For" in Russian

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Russian has many words that translate to the English "for". Here are some examples.

For recipient use of the word "for" such as "I have a present for you.", one uses the Dative cases.

  • Это всё мне? (Is this for me?)
  • Я принёс новые игры Ивану (I brought new games for Ivan.)
  • Когда я куплю новую шапку папе? (When will I buy a new cap for father?)

For expressing "for the benefit of", such as "Anna reads better than Ivan, therefore Anna reads for him.", one uses для + Genitive.

  • Мне нужна помощь для школы. (I need help for school.)
  • Я сделала это для него. (I did it for him.)
  • Ты можешь прочитать газету для твоей бабушки? (Can you read the newspaper for your grandmother?)

For expressing "exchange" or "replacement", one uses за + Accusative.

  • Они говорят за меня. (They spoke [instead of/for] me.)
  • Спасибо за билеты. (Thanks for the tickets.)   Listen 帮助·信息
  • Дай мне совет за деньги! (Give me advice for money!)[often used ironically]

Duration of time (During the action) uses the Accusative case.

  • Он пил три часа (He has been drinking for three hours.)
Она читала всего пять минут.   Listen (RU) 帮助·信息
(She has been reading for only five minutes.)

Duration of time (After the action) uses на + Accusative.

To express "to get" as in "He went for some food." one uses за + Instrumental.

  • Она пошла в магазин за продуктами. (She went to the store for products/items/groceries.)
  • Он пошёл на кухню за чипсами. (He went to the kitchen for chips.)

To express "I am for taxes." as in "I support taxes", one uses за + Accusative. (против + Genitive is the opposite.)

  • Я за социализм. (I am for socialism./I support socialism.)
  • Я против социализма. (I am not for socialism./I do not support socialism.)

Last, to express "for" in the sense of a deadline or scheduled time, one uses на + Accusative.

  • Я еду в Россию на зиму. (I am going to Russia for the winter.)
  • Задание на завтра. (Homework for tomorrow.)

Essential phrases

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working

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Они начали работу. =They started working.[4]

生活实用

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  • Это моя квартира. =这是我的公寓。
  • Мы живём большом доме. = We live in a big house.
  • Вы живёте в доме или в квартире? = Do you live in a house or in an apartment? (formal)

clarification

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  • понимаете меня? = Do you understand me? (inf)
  • Ну, видите ль? = Well, you see eh?
  • Да чего вы скупитесь? = Yes, what do you mean?
  • Что это за люди? = Who are these people?
  • вы уж собираетесь ехать? = You really want to go.

道歉

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  • Извините, [iz-vee-NEAT-ye] = 对不起。
  • Простите, [pras-TEET-ye] = 不好意思。
  • Простите, я не подумал. = I'm sorry, I was not thinking.

Danger

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  • Это очень опасно! = 这很危险!

Warning

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  • Не ставь! = Don't put (it there).
  • Держи! = Hold it!
  • Срочно! = It's urgent!

接受道歉

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  • Ничего!= 没关系!别在意!那不重要!
  • Не беспокойтесь = 别担心

informal greetings and good byes

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  • Как дела? [kak dee-LA] = How are you?
  • Как поживаешь? = How are you?
  • Привет! [pri-VYET] = Hello! (Informal)
  • Здравствуйте! [ZDRAST-vooy-tye] = Hello! (Formal)
  • Пока! [pa-KA] = Bye! (Informal)
  • До свидания! [da-svee-DAN-ee-ya] = Bye! (Formal)
  • Очень приятно! [O-chin Pri-YAT-na] Nice to meet you! (Formal)
  • Каково почивали? = Rested?

反对

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  • Хорошо [hara-SHO] = Fine
  • Плохо [PLO-ha] = Bad
  • Вроде нет. = No, sort of.
  • Вроде да. = Yes, sort of.

帮忙!

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  • Мне нужна помощь! [mnyeh noozh-NAH PO-mash'] = 我需要帮忙，帮忙!
  • потому, что я тупенький. = Because I'm stupid.

介绍

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  • Как тебя зовут? [kak tee-BYA za-VOOT] = What is your name?
  • Меня зовут... [mee-NYA za-VOOT] = My name is…

miscellaneous

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  • Так вы полагаете? = So what do you think?
  • какое пекло! = What the hell?

informing

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  • В туалете грязно. = The bathroom is dirty.
  • Окна грязные. = The windows are dirty. (note change in грязн*)
  • Пол влажный. = The floor is wet.
  • Я устал! = I am tired.
  • Важно, что я – тут = What's important is that I am here.

离开和到来

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  • мы уходим. = 我们离开了。
  • -Я вернусь. = 我会回来。

distance phrases

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далеко они? = Are they far?

第一次小测

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1 “Я прибываю”是什么意思?

Я прибываю = 我到了
Я прибываю = 你到了
Я прибываю = 他到了
Я прибываю = 她到了

2 选择“для какие причин вам это нужно”的最佳翻译。

为什么你需要它?
这值多少?
谁在问问题?


quiz 2 directions

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1 Вы не подскажете, где здесь туалет?是什么意思?

不好意思，厕所是不是在附近?
往左转
你很急吗?
往右转
入口在哪?

2 What does:налево [nah-LYE-va]mean?

往左转
你很急吗?
往右转
入口在哪?

3 What does:направо [nah-PRA-va]mean?

往右转
往左转
你很急吗?
入口在哪?

4 What does:вы так спешите?mean?

你很急吗?
往左转
入口在哪?
往右转

5 What does:Скажите пожалуйста, где здесь банк?mean?

不好意思，银行是不是在附近?
往左转
入口在哪?
往右转

6 What does:Где здесь вход?mean?

入口在哪?
不好意思，银行是不是在附近?
往左转
往右转


See also

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维基教科书中的相关电子教程：俄文
 
维基百科中的相关条目：
俄文

References

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  1. ↑ to prevent preceding consonant from being palatalized by the following vowel
  2. ↑ 在你的嘴巴后面接近喉咙地方发音
  3. ↑ 使前面的辅音听起来柔和，腭化。例如，比较一夏l'ife'和l've的l's
  4. ↑ https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C
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